The Communist Internyet: Analysis about the non-consolidation of a computer network in the Soviet Union (1958-1991)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14295/rbhcs.v16i32.15111Keywords:
Internet, redes de computadores na União Soviética, OGAS, Viktor GlushkovAbstract
analysis about the evolution and development of the projects related to a computer system / network in the Soviet Union between the 1950s to 1980s. The research focus on the proposal made by Anatoly Kitov in the end of the 1950s and the ambitious project presented by Viktor Glushkov, based on the National Automated System for Computation (OGAS), consisted in a complex computer network around the USSR, discussed between 1962-1970, and partially rejected by the soviet government. It was also discussed some located initiatives presented by the communist party in the 1970s and 1980s. The research identifies that, despite the pioneer aspect of the soviet proposals, years before to the initiatives made by the United States, the projects suffer from the excessive economic and administrative centralization in the USSR, and the opposition of some ministries, affecting directly the rejection of OGAS.
Downloads
References
ASMOLOV, G.; KOLOZARIDI, P. Run Runet Runaway: The Transformation of the Russian Internet as a Cultural-Historical Object. In: GRITSENKO, D., WIJERMARS, M. & KOPOTEV, M. (orgs.) The Palgrave Handbook of Digital Russia Studies. Londres: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021, p.277-296. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42855-6_16
BADALONI, N. Marx e a busca da liberdade comunista. In: HOBSBAWN, E. (Org.). História do Marxismo I. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1979, p.197-261.
BERNERS-LEE, T.; CAILLIAU, R.; LUOTONEN, L.; NIELSEN, H. F.; SECRET, A. The World Wide Web. Communications of the ACM, v.37, n.8, p.76-82, 1994. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/179606.179671
BOLDYREV, I. , DÜPPE, T. Programming the USSR: Leonid Kantorovich in Context. British Journal for the History of Science, v. 53, n.2, p. 255-278, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087420000059
CAMPBELL-KELLY, M., GARCIA-SWARTZ, D. The history of the internet: the missing narratives. Journal of Information Technology, v.28, n.1, p. 18-33, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/jit.2013.4
CASTELLS, Manuel. A galáxia da internet. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 2003.
CASTELLS, M. Fim de Milênio. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 2020.
DA EMPOLI, G. Os engenheiros do Caos. São Paulo: Vestígio, 2019.
ERICSON, R. E. The Growth and Marcescence of the “System for Optimal Functioning of the Economy” (SOFE). History of Political Economy, v. 51, n. S1, p.155–179, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00182702-7903276
FERNANDES, L. Teia de Tânato: da industrialização acelerada à encruzilhada da inovação no socialismo soviético. In: BERTOLINO, O; MONTEIRO, A. (orgs.). 100 anos da revolução russa: legados e lições. São Paulo: Anita Garibaldi / Fundação Maurício Grabois, 2017, p. 289-362.
GEROVITCH, S. From Newspeak to Cyberspeak: A History of Soviet Cybernetics. Cambridge/Londres: MIT Press, 2004.
GEROVITCH, S. InterNyet: why the Soviet Union did not build a nationwide computer network. History and Technology, v. 24, n.4, p. 335–350, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07341510802044736
GEROVITCH, S. The Cybernetics Scare and the Origins of the Internet. Baltic Worlds, v. 2, 2009. Disponível em: https://balticworlds.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/32-38-cybernetik.pdf Acesso em 28 Dez. 2022.
GOODMAN, S. E. The Information Technologies and Soviet Society: Problems and Prospects. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, v. 17, n. 4, p.525-552, 1987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.1987.289346
GOODMAN, S. E., MCHENRY, W. , WOLCOTT, P. Scientific Computing in the Soviet Union. Computers in Physics, v. 39, n. 3, p. 39-45, 1989. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4822814
GROSSMAN, G, The second economy of the USSR. Problems of Communism, v.26, p. 25–40, 1977.
HARARI, Y. 21 Lições para o Século 21. São Paulo: Companhia das letras, 2019.
HARRISON, M. The Soviet economy, 1917–1991: Its life and afterlife. The Independent Review, v. 22, n. 2, p.199-206, 2017.
HARRISON, M.; KIM, B. Y. Plans, prices, and corruption: the Soviet firm under partial centralization, 1930 to 1990. Journal of Economic History, v.66, p. 1–41, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050706000015
JUDY, R. W.; CLOUGH, R. W. Soviet computing in the 1980s: a survey of the software and its applications. Advances in Computers, v. 30, p. 223-306, 1990. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2458(08)60301-0
KIM, J. H. Cibernética, ciborgues e ciberespaço: notas sobre a origem da cibernética e sua reinvenção cultural. Horizontes Antropológicos, Porto Alegre, n. 21, p. 199-219, 2004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-71832004000100009
KIM, B. Y., SHIDA, Y. Shortages and the Informal Economy in the Soviet Republics: 1965–1989. Economic History Review, v. 70, n. 4, p. 1346-1374, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ehr.12431
KITOVA, O.; KITOV, V. Anatoly Kitov and Victor Glushkov: Pioneers of Russian Digital Economy and Informatics. In: LESLIE, C.; SCHMITT, M. (Orgs.) Histories of Computing in Eastern Europe - IFIP World Computer Congress, WCC 2018. Springer, 2019, p.99-117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29160-0_6
KITOV, V. On the History of Gosplan, the Main Computer Center of the State Planning Committee of the USSR In: LESLIE, C.; SCHMITT, M. (Orgs.) Histories of Computing in Eastern Europe - IFIP World Computer Congress, WCC 2018. Springer, 2019, p. 118-126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29160-0_7
KITOV, V.; KROTOV, N. The Main Computer Center of the USSR State lanning Committee (MCC of Gosplan). Fourth International Conference on Computer Technology in Russia and in the Former Soviet Union (SORUCOM). Proceedings, Zelenograd, Rússia, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/SoRuCom.2017.00043
KITOV, V.; SHILOV, V. Anatoly Kitov - Pioneer of Russian Informatics. IN: Second Region 8 IEEE Conference on the History of Communications. Madri, Espanha, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15199-6_9
LIBERMAN, Y. The Soviet Economic Reform. Foreign Affairs, v. 46, n. 1, p. 53-63, 1967. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/20039281
LUKASIK, S. J. Why the Arpanet Was Built. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, v.33, p. 4-20, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.2010.11
MARX, K. O Capital: crítica da economia política. São Paulo: Nova Cultural, 1988. (série Os Economistas).
MEDINA. E. Cybernetic Revolutionaries: Technology and Politics in Allende's Chile. Massachusetts: Mit Press, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/8417.001.0001
MIKHAILOV, A. I. Application of New Information Technology at VINITI. 43th FID conference proceedings. Montreal, Canadá, p.271-275, 1986a.
MIKHAILOV, A. I. Basic Lines of advance in the state computerized scientific information system. Scientific and Technical Information Processing, v.13, n. 1, p.1-6, 1986b.
O’NEIL, C. Algoritmos de destruição em massa. Santo André: Editora Rua do Sabão, 2021.
NOVE, A. An Economic History of the USSR 1917-1991. Londres: Penguin, 1993.
PETERS, B. How not to network a nation: the uneasy history of the Soviet internet. Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262034180.001.0001
POLAK, Y. The 20th Anniversary of Russian Internet (View from CEMI). Third International Conference on Computer Technology in Russia and in the Former Soviet Union (SoRuCom). Proceedings. 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/SoRuCom.2014.51
POMERANZ, L. Do socialismo soviético ao capitalismo russo. São Paulo: Ateliê Editorial, 2018.
SANTOS JUNIOR, R, L.. Análise das ideias de A. I. Mikhailov sobre o impacto e utilização das novas tecnologias na Ciência da Informação (1977-1986). Ciência da Informação em Revista, v. 2, p. 15-28, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.28998/cirev.2015v2n3b
SNYDER, J. M. Technological reflections: The absorption of networks in the Soviet Union. Tese (doutorado em administração em empresas). Arizona: Universidade do Arizona 1993. Disponível em https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/186273 Acesso em 28 abr. 2022.
STAHL, D. , ALEXEEV, M, The influence of black markets on a queue-rationed centrally planned economy. Journal of Economic Theory, v.34, p. 234–50, 1985. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0531(85)90042-0
SULLIVAN, W. Soviet Scientists Often Thwarted. In: The New York Times, Nova York, 07/10/1986. Disponível em: https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/07/science/soviet-scientists-often-thwarted.html#:~:text=Soviet%20scientists%20have%20matched%20or,scientific%20conservatism%2C%20according%20to%20new Acesso em 19 de ago. 2022.
ZHABIN, S. Making Forecasting Dynamic: The soviet project OGAS. International Committee for the History of Technology, v. 25, n. 1, p. 78-94, 2020.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Roberto Lopes dos Santos Junior
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Direitos Autorais
A submissão de originais para a Revista Brasileira de História & Ciências Sociais implica na transferência, pelos autores, dos direitos de publicação. Os direitos autorais para os artigos publicados nesta revista são do autor, com direitos da revista sobre a primeira publicação. Os autores somente poderão utilizar os mesmos resultados em outras publicações indicando claramente a Revista Brasileira de História & Ciências Sociais como o meio da publicação original.
Licença Creative Commons
Exceto onde especificado diferentemente, aplicam-se à matéria publicada neste periódico os termos de uma licença Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0 Internacional, que permite o uso irrestrito, a distribuição e a reprodução em qualquer meio desde que a publicação original seja corretamente citada.
